LED-based particle image velocimetry (PIV) images the velocity field inside a moving powder bed during blending, adding spatial resolution that static angle of repose, Hausner ratio, and shear cell tests cannot provide. Here is what that resolution can and cannot support for a process decision.

Vacuum conveying contains by default: any breach draws air inward rather than pushing powder out. That containment advantage comes with a fixed pressure budget, and filter design competes directly with conveying velocity for every millibar of available driving force.

In powder-fed laser cladding, a stable feeder setpoint and an in-spec particle size distribution do not guarantee a stable deposit. Catchment efficiency and stream divergence sit between the feeder and the melt pool, and both can drift independently of the powder's PSD.

Co-processing engineers particle morphology, density, and surface structure into a single composite excipient particle. Flow function and compactibility testing show what that buys formulators on continuous direct compression lines, and where it does not.