Wall friction drift in hoppers

Split illustration of the same conical hopper under two boundary conditions. The left side shows low wall friction with smooth sliding and a wide flow channel. The right side shows a wall film and higher wall drag, which narrows the flow channel and forms a stable rathole, despite unchanged geometry.
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Martijn Daalder is the founder of PowderTechnology.info. He combines editorial experience with a strong industry network to publish practical, technically grounded content for professionals working with powders, granules, and bulk solids.